Enteric or typhoid fever has recently been in the spotlight
with a perceived increase in cases although there are annually cases diagnosed.
Although enteric fever can be serious and is medically treated, it can often be
mistaken for Diarrhoea and Gastroenteritis that is fairly common during the
warm summer months.
Seasonal Diarrhoea can often be mistaken for Enteric fever
due to the similar symptoms and similar ways in which these illnesses are
transferred. The big difference between enteric fever and diarrhoea is that the
latter is usually caused by viruses and enteric fever by a bacteria called
Salmonella Typhi. Dr Jaco Murray, Head of Paediatrics at Paarl hospital says
the two conditions can be distinguished according to the symptoms displayed.
“Typhoid fever can be seen as a severe type of diarrhoea, where you get other
symptoms not usually associated with normal viral diarrhoea, he explains.
What is Diarrhoea?
Diarrhoea is when a child has a runny tummy or frequent
loose stools. Often the child may be
nauseous and can vomit too. Diarrhoea is
usually caused by viruses. If the child
loses too much water she/he can become very ill and may die. It can also occur amongst adults, although
the effect of diarrhoea is less severe for adults.
During the warm summer months, diarrhoea can be quite
common amongst babies and young children.
According to Dr Murray diarrhoea is more common in the summer months and
the department of Health monitor the Peadiatric Surge Season from November to
May.
What is Enteric Fever?
Enteric Fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever) is caused by a
bacterium called Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A,B or C.
• It is most
common in areas where water and food may be unsafe and where sanitation is
poor.
• Any person
who ingests the organism is at risk of developing Enteric Fever.
• Diarrhoea can
also be a symptom of enteric fever.
What are the symptoms of Diarrhoea?
The patient has a runny tummy or loose stools, vomits and
presents with fast breathing.
Fast breathing is a key symptom of pneumonia and diarrhoea.
Chest in-drawing is also serious. Don’t wait: get the child to the clinic.
• Other danger signs are: child can’t drink; vomits up
everything; child has fits, is weak and stares blankly; there is blood in the
stools.
• When there are danger signs then take the child to the
clinic as soon as possible.
What are the symptoms of Enteric Fever?
If you have Enteric Fever you may have mild or severe
symptoms, which include:
• Fever
• Headache
• Feeling unwell in general
• Abdominal pain or cramps
• Nausea and vomiting
• Constipation or diarrhoea
• A rash on the abdomen (stomach)
• Dysentery (blood in the stool)
• Dry cough
The symptoms may appear as early as 3 days to as late as 60
days after you were exposed to the bacteria. You usually start to get sick
within 9 to 21 days after exposure. If you experience symptoms, seek health
care immediately.
How is Diarrhoea treated?
Make sure that everyone who looks after the child knows how
to make the sugar salt drink to treat diarrhoea. Give small amounts of the
drink frequently. (Mix one litre clean water + 8 teaspoons sugar + half a
teaspoon salt).
• A very sick child may need extra medication and oxygen
and may be hospitalised.
• Continue feeding the child small amounts at a time.
• Continue giving breast milk even if baby has diarrhoea
and vomiting.
• A child who has been sick can only eat a little food at a
time. Offer food more often (every 2/3 hours at least 5 times a day).
How is Enteric Fever diagnosed and treated?
A healthcare worker will collect and send samples of your
blood or stool (faeces) to a laboratory for testing.
• Enteric Fever is treated with antibiotics.
• Antibiotic treatment is also used to treat carriers.
• If you become very sick, you may need to be hospitalised.
How can Diarrhoea and Enteric Fever be prevented?
1. Proper
hand-hygiene which includes thorough washing of hands with water and soap after
using the bathroom/toilette, and before preparing or eating a meal.
2. Maintain good
hygiene in the kitchen when you are handling and preparing a meal. Cover food
to keep flies away.
3. Make sure that
water is safe to drink. If unsure, then boil it. Store water in a container
that has a tap/spigot. If not available, use a clean bucket with a lid.
4. Household water
and sanitation supplies should be safe. Avoid water that may be contaminated
(polluted) with sewage.
5. Safe disposal
of human stools/poo and nappies.
6. Children should
be given the rotavirus vaccine at 6 weeks and 14 weeks. This protects against
the main form of diarrhoea.
INFO SUPPLIED BY; Western Cape Health Department